Demographic Rise Effect on Water Supply Systems in Urban Higher Learning Institutions; Case Study of Kenyatta University
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22135/sje.2019.4.2.85-96Abstract
In the past ten years, public institutions including Kenyatta University have experienced a surge in population growth, exacerbated by a demand for higher education. The university population has increased eight times more between the year 2006-2016 leading to inadequacy in accommodation services within university premises, thus three quarters of these students reside in the neighboring areas. This study aimed at looking at the impact of this population increase on the water systems. Quantitative and qualitative methods were employed; three FGDs, key informant interviews and 220 respondents were interviewed comprising of; students, households, caretakers and small business owners. The study established that 62% of the residents used water from municipal water integrated to borehole supply. There were high water shortages marked with rationing as supply was only 2-3 times a week during student peak sessions. Most residents reverted to boreholes that were sunk without following set standards. 60% stored water in locally made tanks with low storage capacity inadequate to meet demand. The respondents felt the need to have an integrated holistic approach and coordination among all relevant stakeholders including; government, management institutions, households, students, public institution administrators, and businesses in order to comprehensively manage the water resources effectivelyKeywords:
water supply, students, population, increase, water shortageReferences
R.C., Carter and A, Parker. 2009. Climate change, population trends and groundwater in Africa, Hydrological Sciences Journal 54, pp. 676-689
R. Titus, H., Beekman, S. Adams, & S. Leslie. 2009. The Basement Aquifers of Southern Africa.
E. G., Reichard, M., Land, S. M., Crawford, T., Johnson, R., Rhett, T. V, Kulshan,
T. Nishikawa, 2003. Geohydrology, Geochemistry, and Ground-Water Simulation- Optimization of the Central and West Coast Basins, Los Angeles County, California
C. J., Boughton, & K. J. McCoy. 2006. Hydrogeology , Aquifer Geochemistry , and Ground-Water Quality in Morgan County , West Virginia.
MEWNR & JICA. 2013. The Project on the Development of the National Water Master Plan 2030. MEWNR and WRMA, Nairobi, October 2013, GED/JR/13–202, Japan International Cooperation Agency, Tokyo
SIPA.2008. Opportunity in Waste:From Cape Town to Ruiru-2. New York : School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA), Economic and Political Development Final Workshop Report
Kenya Open Data. 2015. County Data Sheet, Kiambu: Percent of Population in Urban Area. Retrieved From: https://www.opendata.go.ke/facet/counties/
F.A Abdulla, A.W. Al-Shareef. 2006. Assessment of rainwater roof harvesting systems for household water supply in Jordan. In Integrated Urban Water Resources Management; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 291–300
UNICEF, & IHP. (2014). The Impact of Global Change on Water Resources.
C., Okello, B., Tomasello, N.,Greggio N., Wambiji and M., Antonellini .2015. Impact of Population Growth and Climate Change on the Freshwater Resources of Lamu Island, Kenya. Water, 7, pp. 1264-1290; doi: 10.3390/w7031264
D., Kingston, & R., Taylor. 2010. Sources of Uncertainty in Climate Change Impacts on River Discharge and Groundwater in a Headwater Catchment of the Upper Nile Basin, Uganda. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 14. 10.5194/hess-14-1297
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014. Climate Change 2014–Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Regional Aspects. Cambridge University Press
UNEP, 2011. Green Hills, Blue Cities: An Ecosystems Approach to Water Resources Management for African Cities. A Rapid Response Assessment, UNEP, Nairobi
D. S. Lantagne, T. F. Clasen. 2012. Use of Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Methods in Acute Emergency Response: Case Study Results from Nepal, Indonesia, Kenya, and Haiti, Environ. Sci. Technol. 46 (20), 1135211360.
T. W. Hartley, 2006. Public Perception and Participation in Water Reuse, Desalination, 187 (1– 3), 115–126.
H. Wang, T. Wang, B. Zhang, F. Li, B. Toure, I., B. Omosa, T. Chiramba, M. Monem, M., Pradhan. 2013. Water and Wastewater Treatment in Africa – Current Practices and Challenges, Clean – Soil, Air, Water 2014, 42 (8), pp. 1029–1035, 3
H. M. D. Akbar .2007. Community water supply for the urban poor in developing countries: The case of Dhaka, Bangladesh’, Habitat International 31, pp. 24–35.
H. Werlin, 1999. The slum upgrading myth, urban studies 36 (9), pp. 1523–1534
S. Hanchett, S. Akhter and M. H. Khan .2003. Water, sanitation and hygiene in Bangladeshi slums: an evaluation of the water aid–Bangladesh urban programme, environment and urbanization 15 (2), pp. 43–55.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The initial copyright of a paper is held by the authors (or their employer, in some instances). When publishing that paper the copyright may continue to be held by the author, or can be licensed or transferred to the publisher.
DOAJ recommends that journals allow authors to retain the copyright of their papers without restrictions. Authors will then grant the publisher the right of first publication, and other non-exclusive publishing rights.
Even when the author retains copyright, restrictions may sometimes be imposed by the publisher:
- The publisher requires exclusive publishing rights. This means that the author no longer holds copyright without restrictions.
- The publisher requires a transfer or exclusive license of commercial rights. This means the author no longer holds copyright without restrictions.
Submission of a manuscript implies that the submitted work has not previously been published (except as part of a thesis, report, or abstract); that it is not currently under consideration for publication elsewhere; and that its publication has been approved by all co-authors.
We need publishing rights from you in order to publish and make available an article. As a result, we require authors who publish in Sriwijaya journal of Environment to sign an author contract, which grants us the necessary publishing rights. This will occur after your manuscript has been peer-reviewed, accepted, and moved into production. Our Production team will then send you an email with all of the details. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
